Gastroparesis
Overview
What is gastroparesis?
Gastroparesis, which means stomach paralysis, is a condition affecting the nerves and muscles in your stomach. It interferes with the muscle activity (peristalsis) that moves food through your stomach and into your small intestine. When your stomach muscles and nerves can’t activate correctly, your stomach can’t process food or empty itself as it should. This holds up your whole digestive process.
People with gastroparesis have uncomfortable symptoms during digestion, and they can also have longer-lasting side effects. They might have low appetite and trouble meeting their nutritional needs, or trouble controlling their blood sugar. When food finally passes from the stomach, it may not pass completely and may leave some behind. This can develop into a hardened, solid mass called a bezoar.
What are the different types of gastroparesis?
Healthcare providers often classify gastroparesis into sub-types based on what’s causing it. For example, gastroparesis that occurs as a side effect of diabetes may be called diabetes-related gastroparesis. Gastroparesis that occurs as a complication of surgery may be called post-surgical gastroparesis. Gastroparesis that occurs for no identifiable reason is labeled as idiopathic gastroparesis.
What is the most common type of gastroparesis?
Most gastroparesis cases (between a quarter and a half) are labeled idiopathic, which means healthcare providers couldn’t determine the cause. But cases falling into this subtype may be from various causes, including known causes that just couldn’t be determined. Diabetes is the most common single cause of gastroparesis. Around one-third of cases are diagnosed as diabetes-related.
Symptoms and Causes
What are the symptoms of gastroparesis?
Common symptoms include:
- Indigestion.
- Bloated stomach.
- Feeling full very quickly and/or for a long time.
- Upper abdominal pain.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Regurgitating (spitting up) whole pieces of undigested food.
- Loss of appetite.
- Acid reflux and heartburn.
- Blood sugar fluctuations.
- Constipation.
What does gastroparesis feel like?
When your stomach muscles aren’t working right, food sits in your stomach for a long time after you eat it. You may feel full almost immediately and for a long time after eating. You may have a stomachache, feel nauseous or throw up. Your stomach may feel bloated or distended (stretched) and you may have acid reflux as a side effect. When stomach acid backwashes into your esophagus, it can feel like heartburn.
Is gastroparesis painful?
Gastroparesis symptoms vary between people. A small subset of people report persistent stomach pain that interferes with their daily life. But how much pain people feel doesn’t appear to be connected to how severe their gastroparesis is, or how slowly their stomach empties. Some people may feel more pain because their nerves are more sensitized. This may be related to the cause of their gastroparesis.
How does gastroparesis affect your bowel movements (poop)?
Gastroparesis slows down your whole digestive process, which can delay your bowel movements. It can also deliver large, undigested pieces of food to your intestines, which are more difficult to pass through. While gastroparesis doesn’t directly affect muscle movements in your intestines, some conditions that cause it can. So some people experience gastroparesis and constipation at the same time.
What is the main cause of gastroparesis?
Damage to the nerves that activate your stomach muscles is the main cause of gastroparesis. Less commonly, it’s the muscles themselves that are damaged. The overall result is that the muscle contractions that churn food in your stomach and then squeeze it out through the bottom are impaired. This leads to indigestion and delayed gastric emptying — food sitting too long in your stomach.
What are the specific causes of gastroparesis?
Known causes include:
Diabetes
Around one-third of people with diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) develop gastroparesis. Diabetes-related gastroparesis is a type of diabetes-related neuropathy. It happens when high blood sugar levels damage your nerves. High blood sugar levels also damage the blood vessels that carry oxygen to your tissues, so your stomach nerves and muscles are both affected.
Surgery
Surgery on or near your stomach can injure the vagus nerve that runs through your stomach and coordinates its movements. Post-surgical gastroparesis can develop any time after surgery. Sometimes it happens right away, but it can also develop months (or even years) later. Common surgical procedures that have caused post-surgical gastroparesis include:
- Nissen fundoplication.
- Gastrectomy.
- Gastric bypass surgery.
- Pancreatectomy.
- Vagotomy.
- Cholecystectomy.
Infections
Gastrointestinal infections can trigger gastroparesis. Viral infections such as norovirus and rotavirus are more common causes, but bacterial infections can cause it too. Scientists aren’t sure whether it’s the infections themselves that damage your stomach nerves or if the immune cells meant to kill the infection damage your nerves by mistake.
Autoimmune disease
In autoimmune disease, your immune system sends antibodies to attack your own body cells, mistaking them for an infection. New research indicates that these autoantibodies may damage the nerves in your stomach. You may have autoimmune gastroparesis even if you have no other symptoms of autoimmune disease, or if your other symptoms are unrelated to your stomach.
Drugs
Certain medications and recreational drugs can block the nerve signals that activate your stomach muscles. This can lead to temporary gastroparesis. Some of these medications are prescribed for conditions also linked to gastroparesis, such as diabetes. If you already have gastroparesis, or you’ve had it before, these are medications to avoid. They include:
- Opioids (narcotics).
- Nicotine.
- Marijuana.
- Tricyclic antidepressants.
- Progesterone.
- Anticholinergics (allergy medications).
- Calcium channel blockers (for high blood pressure).
- Amylin analogs / GLP-1 antagonists (to treat Type 2 diabetes).
- Cyclosporine (to prevent organ transplant rejection).
- Clonidine (to treat high blood pressure).
- Lithium (to treat bipolar disorder).
- Antipsychotic medications.
Other causes
Less common causes of gastroparesis include:
- Neurological diseases. Conditions affecting your nervous system may cause your stomach nerves to malfunction, like Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis or autonomic dysfunction.
- Collagen-vascular diseases. Chronic inflammatory connective tissues diseases can degenerate your stomach muscles, including amyloidosis, scleroderma, lupus and Ehlers-Danos syndrome.
- Endocrine disorders. Conditions affecting your endocrine system can cause chemical nerve damage, including thyroid disease, adrenal disorders, electrolyte imbalances and kidney failure.
- Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis causes mucus to build up in your gastrointestinal tract, slowing down motility throughout. An estimated one-third of people with CF have gastroparesis.
What are the complications of gastroparesis?
Complications of gastroparesis can include:
Weight loss, malnutrition and dehydration
Chronic nausea and vomiting, or simply the loss of appetite, can lead to weight loss and malnutrition. If you vomit frequently, it can also lead to dehydration and electrolyte deficiencies. You may need to recover in the hospital with nutritional therapy and fluid replacement.
Acid reflux complications
Gastroparesis causes abdominal distension, which makes it easier for stomach acid to escape out of the top of your stomach into your esophagus. Chronic acid reflux can cause complications for your esophagus, like heartburn and inflammation (esophagitis).
Blood sugar complications
Gastroparesis interrupts the regular, controlled flow of food through your digestive system. This can also interrupt the regular, controlled release of glucose into your bloodstream. When food sits for too long in your stomach, your blood sugar may drop too low. When food finally releases, your blood sugar may spike. These fluctuations are especially complicated for people with diabetes, and they can make gastroparesis worse.
Bezoar and gastric outlet obstruction
A bezoar is a compacted, hardened mass of food stuck in your stomach. It forms out of pieces that were left behind when your stomach emptied. A bezoar may become too big to pass through the outlet at the bottom of your stomach. It can also block it and make it hard for any other food to pass through. Healthcare providers treat bezoars with medication to dissolve it, or if necessary, surgery to remove it.
Diagnosis and Tests
How is gastroparesis diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and health history, including conditions and procedures that can cause gastroparesis. They’ll use imaging tests to look inside your stomach to make sure there’s nothing physically obstructing it, which might cause the same symptoms. If they don't find an obstruction, they’ll follow up with gastric motility tests, which evaluate your stomach muscle activity.
What tests are used to diagnose gastroparesis?
Imagining tests to rule out a mechanical obstruction may include:
Gastric emptying studies to measure your gastric motility include:
- Gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES). Gastric emptying scintigraphy is a type of nuclear medicine imagining test that follows the progress of a meal or beverage through your digestive system and records how long the journey takes. It does this by incorporating a small amount of radioactive material into a meal or beverage that you consume and scanning it periodically.
- Gastric motility breath test (GEBT). A breath test can track the progress of a meal through your digestive system by measuring gases in your breath. For this test, you consume a special meal containing a carbon molecule (carbon-13) that produces a specific, measurable form of carbon dioxide (C02-13). This gas will be measurable in your breath after it reaches your intestines.
- SmartPill™ wireless motility capsule. For the SmartPill test, you swallow a pill-sized wireless electronic device. The device sends data to a receiver that you wear on your body as it travels through your digestive system. After a day or two, the SmartPill will pass out of your body in your poop. You’ll return the receiver to your healthcare provider, who will read the data.
You may have additional tests to try to identify the cause of your gastroparesis. Your example, a blood test may discover antibodies from a prior infection or autoantibodies that indicate an autoimmune disease.
Management and Treatment
What treatment is available for gastroparesis?
Healthcare providers can’t directly fix the damage that causes gastroparesis, but they can offer treatment to stimulate muscle contractions in your stomach and encourage it to empty. Medications are the first-line treatment, with surgery reserved for those who don’t respond to medications or can’t take them. All of the treatments have potential side effects, and no one treatment works for everyone.
The goals of treatment are to:
- Stimulate your stomach muscles and/or allow your stomach to empty.
- Make sure your body has the nutrition and hydration it needs.
- Manage symptoms and side effects of the condition.
- Manage the cause, if possible, to prevent it from getting worse.
Your treatment plan may include:
- Medications.
- Nutrition/hydration therapy.
- Surgery.
- Specific treatments for the condition causing your gastroparesis.
Medications
Prokinetics, medications that stimulate gastrointestinal motility, are the first-line treatment for gastroparesis. Prokinetics include:
- Metoclopramide. This is the only FDA-approved medication to treat gastroparesis. It stimulates muscle contractions in your stomach and can also help relieve nausea. However, it comes with a black-label warning because it can cause side effects, including tremors and muscle twitching.
- Motolin agonists. Motolin agonists are an alternative type of prokinetic drug that your provider might suggest. They include erythromycin and azithromycin. They’re normally used as antibiotics, but healthcare providers do prescribe them for off-label treatment of gastroparesis.
- Serotonin agonists. Tegaserod and prucalopride are two serotonin agonists that are normally prescribed to stimulate your bowels to improve constipation. They haven’t been fully evaluated for treating gastroparesis, but some healthcare providers prescribe them for that use.
- Dopamine antagonists. A drug called domperidone can improve gastric motility and nausea by blocking a neurotransmitter called dopamine. It’s not normally available in the U.S., but U.S. healthcare providers can apply for expanded access to the drug to prescribe it for gastroparesis.
Additional medications may include:
- Antiemetics to control nausea and vomiting.
- Proton pump inhibitors to treat acid reflux.
- Pain relievers for significant stomach pain.
- Diabetes medications to manage blood sugar.
Nutrition
You might need to change your diet to accommodate your condition — for example, eat less fiber and less fat to make digestion easier. You might also need more specific nutritional therapy to replace missing nutrients. Your provider might prescribe dietary supplements, or even temporary tube feeding or IV feeding. Some people may need IV fluids to rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances.
Surgery
Surgery is the last resort in gastroparesis treatment. If all other treatments fail, you might need surgery to modify your stomach to help food pass through it. Procedures to modify your stomach include:
- Pyloroplasty. Pyloroplasty modifies your pylorus, the muscular valve at the bottom of your stomach that lets food empty out of it. Most pyloroplasties involve cutting into the pylorus muscle to relax and expand the opening. The most recent variation, called the G-POEM, is an endoscopic surgical procedure. That means that instead of cutting into your abdomen to access your stomach, a surgeon operates through an endoscope, a long tube passed through your mouth into your stomach. G-POEM stands for “gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy.” Translated, that means “in-the-stomach, through-the-mouth, by-endoscope muscle incision.”
- Gastric bypass. Some people may need to bypass the lower portion of their stomach completely, either because it’s no longer functional or because this procedure is more likely to succeed for them. The procedure involves a partial gastrectomy — removing or closing off part of your stomach — and creating a new outlet from your stomach to your small intestine (gastrojejunostomy). Gastric bypass is commonly offered as a weight loss surgery, especially for people with Type 2 diabetes related to obesity, and it can have dramatic effects on both conditions. Your provider might recommend it for severe diabetes-related gastroparesis.
Outlook / Prognosis
What is the outlook with gastroparesis?
Sometimes gastroparesis caused by short-term drug use or a short-term infection later goes away. For most people, gastroparesis isn't curable, but it's manageable with treatment. It may take some trial and error to arrive at the treatment that works best for you, and there may be lingering symptoms or side effects of the treatment. Your healthcare provider can help you manage these when they flare up.
Does gastroparesis affect your life expectancy?
In general, gastroparesis isn’t life-threatening. Some of the possible complications of gastroparesis can be life-threatening if they’re very severe. These complications are related to malnutrition, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and blood sugar fluctuations with diabetes. Your healthcare provider will work with you to minimize the risk of these complications. With appropriate care, the risk is very small.
Living With
How should I take care of myself while living with gastroparesis?
Pay attention to your symptoms and what foods or habits make them better or worse. Small adjustments can make a real difference in how you feel. Some people find it helpful to:
- Eat smaller meals more often. Try four to six per day instead of three.
- Reduce fat and fiber in your diet, which take longer to digest.
- Avoid alcohol, tobacco and recreational drugs, which delay gastric emptying.
- Take some light exercise, such as a walk, after eating to encourage motility.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Gastroparesis can be mild to severe, and so can its effect on your quality of life. While there’s no quick fix, there are many treatment options available to help you manage it. Your healthcare provider will work closely with you to find the treatment plan that works best for you. You may also find diet and lifestyle adjustments can help. Meanwhile, scientists continue to research new treatment approaches.
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