Over two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese, and over one-third are obese, according to data from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006 and 2007–2008.
Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity
- type 2 diabetes
- coronary heart disease
- high LDL ("bad") cholesterol
- stroke
- hypertension
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- gallbladder disease
- osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and bone of joints)
- sleep apnea and other breathing problems
- some forms of cancer (breast, colorectal, endometrial, and kidney)
- complications of pregnancy
- menstrual irregularities
What are overweight and obesity?
- Overweight: Overweight specifically refers to an excessive amount of body weight that may come from muscles, bone, adipose
(fat) tissue, and water.
- Obesity: Obesity specifically refers to an excessive amount of adipose tissue. [1]
Causes of Overweight and Obesity
Essentially, overweight and obesity result from energy
imbalance. The body needs a certain amount of energy (calories) from food to
sustain basic life functions. Body weight is maintained when calories eaten
equals the number of calories the body expends, or "burns." When more calories
are consumed than burned, energy balance is tipped toward weight gain,
overweight, and obesity. Genetic, environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic
factors can all lead to overweight and obesity. [2]
Treating Overweight and Obesity
Overweight and obesity are risk factors for diabetes,
heart disease, high blood pressure, and other health problems. Since there is no
single cause of all overweight and obesity, there is no single way to prevent or
treat overweight and obesity that will help everyone. Treatment may include a
combination of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and sometimes weight-loss
drugs. In some cases of extreme obesity, bariatric surgery may be recommended. [2]
Estimates on Overweight and Obesity
The estimates on overweight and obesity in this fact
sheet were taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data
are based on the CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
from 2003–2006 and 2007–2008.
Some of the overweight- and obesity-related prevalence
rates are presented as crude or unadjusted estimates, while others are
age-adjusted estimates. Unadjusted prevalence estimates are used to present
cross-sectional data for population groups at a given point or time period,
without accounting for the effect of different age distributions among groups.
For age-adjusted rates, statistical procedures are used to remove the effect of
age differences when comparing two or more populations at one point in time, or
one population at two or more points in time. Unadjusted estimates and
age-adjusted estimates will yield slightly different values.
Unless otherwise specified, the figures below
represent age-adjusted estimates. Age-adjusted estimates are used in order to
account for age variations among the groups being compared. For more details on
the methods for deriving prevalence of overweight and obesity, visit
www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. [3]
Overweight and Obesity Prevalence Estimates*
Q: How many adults age 20 and older are overweight or obese (Body Mass Index, or BMI, > 25)?
A: Over two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight or obese.[4]
- All adults: 68 percent
- Women: 64.1 percent
- Men: 72.3 percent
Q: How many adults age 20 and older are obese (BMI > 30)?
A: Over one-third of U.S. adults are obese. [4]
- All adults: 33.8 percent
- Women: 35.5 percent
- Men: 32.2 percent
Q: How many adults age 20 and older are extremely obese (BMI > 40)?
A: A small percentage of U.S. adults are extremely obese. [4]
Q: How many adults age 20 and older are at a healthy weight (BMI > 18.5 to < 25)?
A: Less than one-third of U.S. adults are at a healthy weight. [5]
- All adults: 31.6 percent
- Women: 36.5 percent
- Men: 26.6 percent
Q: How has the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults changed over the years?
A: The prevalence has steadily increased among both
genders, all ages, all racial/ethnic groups, all educational levels, and all
smoking levels.[6] From 1960–2 to 2005–6, the prevalence of obesity increased
from 13.4 to 35.1 percent in U.S. adults age 20 to 74.[7] Since 2004, while the
prevalence of overweight is still high among men and women, there are no
significant differences in prevalence rates documented from 2003 to 2004, 2005
to 2006, and 2007 to 2008.[4] In fact, among women, there has been no change in
obesity prevalence between 1999 and 2008.
Q: What is the prevalence of obesity among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White racial and ethnic groups?
A: Among women, the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity
(BMI > 30) in racial and ethnic groups is higher among non-Hispanic Black and
Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic White women. Among these three groups of
men, the difference in prevalence is less significant. In this context, the term
Hispanic includes Mexican Americans. [4]
- Non-Hispanic Black Women: 49.6 percent
- Hispanic Women: 43 percent
- Non-Hispanic White Women: 33 percent
- Non-Hispanic Black Men: 37.3 percent
- Hispanic Men: 34.3 percent
- Non-Hispanic White Men: 31.9 percent
(Statistics are for populations age 20 and older.)
Q: What are the percent distributions of obesity in other racial and ethnic groups?**
A: Gender-specific data for Asian Americans, Native
Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders are
not available. Following are percent distributions of obesity for men and women
in these groups. Rates of obesity among Asian Americans are much lower in
comparison to other racial and ethnic groups. [8]
- Asian Americans: 8.9 percent
- Native Americans and Alaska Natives: 32.4 percent
- Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders: 31 percent
* The statistics presented in this section for adults
and racial and ethnic groups are based on the following definitions unless
otherwise specified: healthy weight = BMI > 18.5 to < 25; overweight = BMI > 25
to < 30; obesity = BMI > 30; and extreme obesity = BMI > 40. BMI is a number
calculated from a person’s weight and height. [1]
Overweight and Obesity Chart
**Statistics are for populations age 18 and older.
Overweight and Obesity, by Age: United States,
1971-2006. Sources: CDC/NCHS, Health, United States, 2008, Figure
7. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Q: What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents?
A: Data from the NHANES survey (2003–2006) indicate
that approximately 12.4 percent of children age 2 to 5 and 17 percent of
children age 6 to 11 were overweight.*** About 17.6 percent of adolescents (age
12 to 19) were overweight in 2003–2006.[9]
*** Overweight is defined by the sex- and age-specific
95th percentile cutoff points of the 2000 CDC growth charts. These revised
growth charts include smoothed sex-specific BMI for-age-percentiles and are
based on data from NHES II (1963 to 1965) and III (1966 to 1970), and NHANES I
(1971 to 1974), II (1976 to 1980), and III (1988 to 1994). The CDC BMI growth
charts specifically excluded NHANES III data for children older than 6 years. [10]
Q: What is the mortality rate associated with obesity?
A: Most studies show an increase in mortality rates
associated with obesity. Individuals who are obese have a significantly
increased risk of death from all causes, compared with healthy weight
individuals (BMI 18.5 to 24.9). The increased risk varies by cause of death, and
most of this increased risk is due to cardiovascular causes. [11] Obesity is
associated with over 112,000 excess deaths due to cardiovascular disease, over
15,000 excess deaths due to cancer, and over 35,000 excess deaths due to
non-cancer, non-cardiovascular disease causes per year in the U.S. population,
relative to healthy-weight individuals.[11]
Economic Costs Related to Overweight and Obesity
As the prevalence of overweight and obesity has
increased in the United States, so have related health care costs. The
statistics presented below represent the economic cost of obesity in the United
States in 2006, updated to 2008 dollars. [12]
Q: What is the cost of obesity?
A: On average, people who are considered obese pay
$1,429 (42 percent) more in health care costs than normal-weight individuals. [12]
What is the cost of obesity by insurance status?
For each obese beneficiary:
- Medicare pays $1,723 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries.
- Medicaid pays $1,021 more than it pays for normal-weight beneficiaries.
- Private insurers pay $1,140 more than they pay for normal-weight beneficiaries. [12]
What is the cost of obesity by the type of service provided?
For each obese patient:
- Medicare pays $95 more for an inpatient service, $693 more for a
non-inpatient service, and $608 more for prescription drugs in comparison
with normal-weight patients.
- Medicaid pays $213 more for an inpatient service,$175 more for a
non-inpatient service, and $230 more for prescription drugs in comparison
with normal-weight patients.
- Private insurers pay $443 more for an inpatient service, $398 more for a
non-inpatient service, and $284 more for prescription drugs in comparison
with normal-weight patients.[12]
Other Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity
Q: How physically active is the U.S. population?
A: Only 31 percent of U.S. adults report that they
engage in regular leisure-time physical activity (defined as either three
sessions per week of vigorous physical activity lasting 20 minutes or more, or
five sessions per week of light-to-moderate physical activity lasting 30 minutes
or more). About 40 percent of adults report no leisure-time physical activity. [5]
About 35 percent of high school students report that
they participate in at least 60 minutes of physical activity on 5 or more days
of the week, and only 30 percent of students report that they attend physical
education class daily. As children get older, participation in regular physical
activity decreases dramatically. [13]
In contrast to reported activity, when physical
activity is measured by a device that detects movement, only about 3–5 percent
of adults obtain 30 minutes of moderate or greater intensity physical activity
on at least 5 days per week. Among youth, measured activity provides information
on younger children than is available with reports and highlights the decline in
activity from childhood to adolescence. For example, 42 percent of children age
6–11 obtain the recommended 60 minutes per day of physical activity, whereas
only 8 percent of adolescents achieve this goal. [14]
Q: What are the benefits of physical activity?
A: Research suggests that physical activity may reduce
the risk of many adverse health conditions, such as coronary heart disease,
stroke, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression. In
addition, physical activity can help reduce risk factors for conditions such as
high blood pressure and blood cholesterol. Researchers believe that some
physical activity is better than none, and additional health benefits can be
gained by increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity. [15]
References
[1] Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute. September 1998. Available at
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm.
[2] Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. August
2004. NIH Publication No. 04–5493.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
[4] Flegal, KM, Carroll, MD, Ogden, CL, Curtin, LR. Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999–2008. Journal of the
American Medical Association. 2010; 235–241.
[5] National Center for Health Statistics. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Health, United States, 2008. Hyattsville,
MD: Public Health Service. 2008.
[6] Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Journal of
the American Medical Association. 2003; 289(1):76–79.
[7] National Center for Health Statistics Health E-Stats. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among adults:
United States, trends 1976–80 through 2005–2006. 2008.
[8] Pleis JR, Lucas JW. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007. National Center for Health
Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics 10(240). 2009.
[9] Ogden C, Carroll M, Flegal K. High Body Mass Index for Age Among US Children and Adolescents, 2003–2006. Journal of the American
Medical Association. 2008; 299(20):2401–2405.
[10] Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts for the United States:
Methods and development. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(246). 2002.
[11] Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, et al. Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and
Obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007; 298(17):2028–2037.
[12] Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual Medical Spending Attributable To Obesity: Payer- And Service-Specific
Estimates. Health Affairs. 2009; 28(5): w822–w831.
[13] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2007 Morbidity & Mortality Weekly
Report 2008;57(No.SS-4).
[14] Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Mâsse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; Jan;40(1):181–8.
[15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. October 2008. Available at
www.health.gov/paguidelines
Source
Weight-control Information Network
1 WIN Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3665
Phone: (202) 828–1025
Toll-free number: 1.877.946.4627
Fax: (202) 828.1028
Email: WIN@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.win.niddk.nih.gov
The Weight-control Information Network (WIN) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases; National Institutes of Health; NIH Publication Number 04–4158
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