Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. It happens when cells on your tongue grow and divide uncontrollably. Preventable risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use and HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. Treatment usually involves surgery but may also include chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Early detection is key.
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Tongue cancer occurs when cells on your tongue start to grow and divide uncontrollably. Your tongue starts at your hyoid bone (located where your chin meets your neck) and ends at the floor of your mouth.
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Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
When cancer affects the front part of your tongue (the part you can see), healthcare providers call it oral cancer or oral tongue cancer. If you develop cancer on the back portion of your tongue (the part you can’t see), providers call it oropharyngeal cancer or base of tongue cancer.
Several types of cancer can affect your tongue, but the most common is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the squamous cells in the outer layer of your skin. Typically, SCC affects the parts of your body most often exposed to the sun. But it can also affect mucous membranes like the inside of your mouth.
Tongue cancer is rare overall, making up less than 1% of new diagnoses in the United States. But it’s one of the most common types of head and neck cancers.
Tongue cancer is twice as common in people assigned male at birth (AMAB). It’s also more common in people age 40 and over.
First, it’s important to note that signs of tongue cancer aren’t always apparent. What cancer looks like and whether you can “see” it depends on the location of the tumor and how far the disease has progressed.
The most common visual tongue cancer symptoms include:
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Additional tongue cancer symptoms may include:
Experts know that tongue cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control. But they’re still learning why some people get tongue cancer and others don’t — and why these cells grow out of control in the first place. Many researchers believe that DNA mutations (changes) that affect your tongue can cause tongue cancer.
Experts have identified several risk factors for tongue cancer. A risk factor is something that increases your chances of getting a certain condition. The two most significant risk factors include heavy smoking and high alcohol consumption (alcohol use disorder). Your risk goes up drastically if both pertain to you.
Other tongue cancer risk factors include:
Dentists are often the first to detect tongue cancer during routine exams or oral cancer screenings. Or your primary care physician (PCP) may notice signs during an exam for another condition.
To gather more information, your provider may:
If a healthcare provider sees visual signs of tongue cancer, they’ll recommend a biopsy. During this procedure, they’ll take a small sample of affected tissue. They’ll send it to a lab, where a pathologist will examine the tissue and look for cancer cells.
Your provider may also order imaging tests like:
Tongue cancer treatments depend on a few factors, including the size and location of the tumor and how far the cancer cells have spread. Tongue cancer treatments include:
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You can’t prevent tongue cancer altogether. But there are things you can do to significantly reduce your risk:
Tongue cancer can be curable with early diagnosis and treatment. That’s why it’s so important to tell your healthcare provider if you develop any new lumps, spots on your tongue or sores that don’t go away.
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Speech therapy and reconstructive surgery can help you redevelop language skills and swallowing function after tongue cancer surgery.
The survival rate for tongue cancer depends on whether the cancer has spread to other areas.
Survival rates compare people who have a certain type and stage of cancer to those in the general population. For instance, if the five-year survival rate for a particular type of cancer is 93%, that means that 93% of people with that type and stage of cancer will still be alive five years after their diagnosis.
Tongue cancer stage | How far the cancer spread | Five-year survival rate |
---|---|---|
Localized | The cancer hasn’t spread beyond your tongue. | 84% |
Regionalized | The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or structures. | 70% |
Distant | The cancer has spread to distant areas of your body. | 41% |
Tongue cancer stage | ||
Localized | ||
How far the cancer spread | ||
The cancer hasn’t spread beyond your tongue. | ||
Five-year survival rate | ||
84% | ||
Regionalized | ||
How far the cancer spread | ||
The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or structures. | ||
Five-year survival rate | ||
70% | ||
Distant | ||
How far the cancer spread | ||
The cancer has spread to distant areas of your body. | ||
Five-year survival rate | ||
41% |
Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates. They can’t tell you how long you’ll live, or which treatments will work best in your situation. To learn more about survival rates and what they mean for you, talk to your healthcare provider.
Schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider any time you notice a new lump, bump, spot, ulcer or discoloration on your tongue, especially if symptoms linger for more than two weeks.
In addition, be sure to visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and checkups. For most people, that means every six months. But your dentist will tell you how often you should come in based on your specific needs. If there’s something suspicious going on, they’re likely to detect it during a routine appointment.
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If you received a tongue cancer diagnosis, here are some questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider:
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Hearing that you or a loved one has tongue cancer can feel scary, hopeless or even devastating. Your healthcare provider is here to help. They can discuss treatment options with you and find resources to offer support every step of the way. Early detection and treatment are key. So, if you notice a new spot or lump on your tongue — or anything else that seems suspicious — tell your healthcare provider.
Last reviewed on 03/11/2024.
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