Types of Bone Marrow Failure and Cytopenias
Bone marrow failure and cytopenias are a broad category of disorders in which blood cells aren’t produced the way they should. Maybe you’re thinking, “If I have one of these rare, specific conditions, will my provider know how to treat it?” With us, the answer is yes. Our team has experience working with these rare conditions.
As you get started with us, you learn about the wide range of services we offer, including:
- Doing a complete evaluation to make a new diagnosis
- Giving you peace of mind with a second opinion that evaluates and confirms a diagnosis you received elsewhere
- Looking at the treatment you’re receiving and providing our recommendations
- Performing genetic/genomic testing to get answers that are specific to you
- Helping with answers for an unclear or complicated diagnosis
- Working with your home providers and continuing to follow up with you in case your treatment is possible closer to home
The diseases and syndromes that fall under bone marrow failure and cytopenias are in two categories: things that you’re born with (inherited or congenital) and things you get over time (acquired).
Congenital/inherited
- Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
- Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)
- Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA)
- Dyskeratosis congenita and telomere biology disorders/short telomere syndrome
- Fanconi anemia
- Severe congenital neutropenia
- Cyclic neutropenia
- Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS)
- Thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome (TAR)
- SAMD9 and SAMD9L-related disorders
- GATA2 deficiency
Acquired
- Idiopathic and autoimmune neutropenia
- Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Cytopenias of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
- Other unclear cytopenias
- Pure red cell aplasia, including B19 parvovirus-related/transient aplastic crisis
- Aplastic anemia
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- Large granular lymphocyte leukemia/lymphoproliferation (NK-LGL, T-LGL) and cytopenias associated with these conditions
Bone Marrow Failure and Cytopenia Diagnosis at Cleveland Clinic
Whether you’re newly diagnosed or your provider suspects you might have one of the rare conditions we treat, your first appointment will start with a conversation. We want to use this time to get to know you and learn about your experience. Get ready for a lot of questions. We’ll ask about your medical history, any symptoms you might have and other concerns. Feel free to share your story.
There are also some tests that we might do. Often, we do a physical exam at this early stage, or you might need diagnostic testing. Usually, you’ll have blood tests like a complete blood count (CBC) to measure how many red and white blood cells and platelets you have in your blood. Your provider may also want to do a bone marrow biopsy to take an even closer look at these counts.
Diagnosing a condition isn’t always straightforward. Sometimes, it takes time. But we have experience diagnosing unclear and complicated cases.
Throughout these tests, know that you can ask questions. Your team of providers is there for you, and they’ll help explain what’s going on.
Getting a second opinion for bone marrow failure and cytopenias
You’re in charge of your care. And sometimes, this means getting a second opinion. You shouldn’t feel bad about asking for another provider’s opinion — it’s your health or the health of your loved one. Our highly skilled, experienced providers will spend time with you to help you better understand your diagnosis and which treatment options are best. We work with providers from all over the U.S., and we’re careful not to jeopardize your relationship with your current provider if you’re happy with them. As a team, we’ll help you get the best possible care.
Want a second opinion without the need to travel? Our virtual second opinions connect you with an expert without the need to leave home. You’ll get the guidance you need to help you move forward with confidence.
A Team Approach to Care
When you come to Cleveland Clinic, your care doesn’t happen in a vacuum. There’s a team of healthcare providers who will come together to care for you. You might work with:
- Hematologists (blood disease experts), including vascular and coagulation (blood clotting) specialists
- Bone marrow transplant specialists
- Hematopathologists (experts who analyze blood)
- Geneticists
- Pharmacy specialists
- Nurses
- Clinical trials researchers
We’ll also work seamlessly with your care team at home to make sure that they know what’s happening with your treatment.
0 Providers Who Treat Bone Marrow Failure and Cytopenias
Locations
You can get care at our Cleveland Clinic main campus or at Cleveland Clinic Weston Hospital in Florida.
Bone Marrow Failure and Cytopenia Treatment at Cleveland Clinic
Since bone marrow failure and cytopenias include a variety of diseases and syndromes, we’ll need to craft a treatment plan that’s specifically made for you. Your treatment might include any of the following options:
Immunosuppressive therapy
We may prescribe medications to stimulate your immune system. Depending on the type of immunosuppressant medication we recommend, you may take pills, get an injection or have it delivered intravenously (IV). We’ll keep a close eye on you while you’re on this medication and adjust it as needed.
Bone marrow stimulants
Depending on your diagnosis, we might use medications that cause your bone marrow to produce more blood cells. If you have low blood counts or we anticipate a drop, this could be an option for you.
Blood or platelet transfusion
We often treat many bone marrow failure syndromes with red blood cell and platelet transfusions. But whether you need a blood transfusion will depend on your diagnosis. If we decide it’s a good therapy for you, you’ll get the transfusion through an IV over the course of a few hours.
Chemotherapy
Some bone marrow syndromes — such as myelodysplastic syndrome or, at times, large granular lymphocyte leukemia — may require chemotherapy. This treatment rids the bone marrow of abnormal cells and allows healthy stem cells to grow in their place. These healthy stem cells can then make normal blood cells again. Your provider may give you chemotherapy via pill, injection or IV.
Bone marrow transplant
For some bone marrow failure syndromes, like aplastic anemia, a bone marrow transplant is the best option. This treatment replaces your damaged bone marrow cells with healthy ones. Before the transplant, we’ll give you a strong dose of chemotherapy to kill diseased cells in the bone marrow. Then, you receive new cells through an IV, and they’ll move through your blood into your bone marrow.
Ongoing care
Your care doesn’t stop after treatment. You’ll have regular follow-up appointments where we’ll check on how you’re doing and see if you need anything different. Sometimes, you have questions after treatment, or you have a symptom you’re unsure of. We’re here to help.
We’re very sensitive to the travel and time it takes to get to appointments. We’ll do everything we can to minimize your stress and inconvenience.
Taking the Next Step
Hearing you might have a bone marrow failure and cytopenia disorder can make you wonder what to do next and who to go see. At Cleveland Clinic, we take a team approach. We work together — combining our highly specialized expertise and knowledge in this field — to provide the best care possible. Think of us as your guides. We’ll be by your side throughout your journey, guiding you through every step of the testing and treatment process. And when you have questions, we’ll be there to answer them. These conditions might be rare, but they’re not uncommon to us.

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