It isn’t the rust on that nail or sharp bit of metal that causes tetanus. That rust just means it could have tetanus-causing bacteria on it. But if you get a scratch or a puncture wound from it, you need to make sure your tetanus vaccination is up to date. Tetanus is preventable, and timely treatment can spare you from this disease.
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Tetanus is a condition that makes your muscles seize up and spasm uncontrollably. It happens when Clostridium tetani bacteria infect you. Once inside your body, the bacteria make a toxin that severely disrupts your nervous system, which can be life-threatening. Vaccination can prevent tetanus, which is why it’s rare in the U.S. and other developed nations.
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There are four types of tetanus:
Tetanus symptoms happen because the toxin disrupts your nervous system. Your muscles can spasm and relax when your nervous system tells them to. But the tetanus toxin disables nerve signaling that tells muscles to relax. That makes the affected muscles spasm uncontrollably.
The main symptoms include:
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Tetanus can also affect your autonomic nervous system. That’s the part that controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate. Autonomic symptoms usually take several days before they start. When they do, they can include the following:
Tetanus happens because of a toxin that C. tetani bacteria make. That’s why tetanus doesn’t spread person-to-person.
Tetanus-causing germs can enter a wound in either a spore or bacilli (active bacteria) form. The spore form is harder to kill, and it can survive boiling water. The spores live in soil, especially soil with manure mixed in. It’s easier for this bacteria to get into deeper cuts and punctures. And tetanus with deeper wounds is often more severe.
Some ways you can get this bacteria in a wound include:
While wounds are the usual entry point, many people don’t remember getting the wound that caused tetanus for them. Research shows that up to half of all cases don’t have an identifiable wound or infection site that experts can pinpoint.
The main risk factors for tetanus are:
Neonatal tetanus usually happens because of an infection that affects a newborn whose mother wasn’t immune. Without that immunity, a newborn is vulnerable to the infection through any wound. And the usual wound they get it from is from the stump of their umbilical cord.
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The main risk factors for neonatal tetanus include:
Tetanus can cause a number of complications. Some are because of the muscle spasms that this disease causes. Others are because of disruptions in your autonomic nervous system. The complications can include, but aren’t limited to, the following:
There aren’t any laboratory tests to diagnose or confirm tetanus. Your healthcare provider will diagnose tetanus based on your symptoms. They’ll perform a physical examination and ask you about your medical history.
Your provider may also use the “spatula test.” To do that, they’ll use a soft instrument or spatula to touch the back of your throat inside your mouth. Ordinarily, that triggers your gag reflex and makes you want to spit the spatula out. But if you have tetanus, it’ll trigger muscle spasms that make you clench your jaw.
If your healthcare provider suspects you have tetanus, they’ll start treating it immediately. That treatment involves the following:
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Once tetanus symptoms develop, it can take two to three weeks for the disease to run its course. But it can take months to recover from tetanus. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about what’s likely to happen in your specific case.
Tetanus is extremely preventable with vaccination. In the U.S., vaccination starts during infancy. Children typically receive the tetanus vaccine as part of their childhood immunization schedule.
Having tetanus once before doesn’t make you immune to it. Vaccination is the only way to get that immunity. And the immunity wears off over time, so you need a booster about every 10 years. That’s one reason why older adults have a higher risk of developing tetanus.
Even if your vaccination is out of date, tetanus vaccination can save your life. People who receive at least three doses of the tetanus vaccine almost always survive this disease. And even partial vaccination can make your case less severe.
In general, you need a booster shot for tetanus if you have a new deep or potentially contaminated wound and any of the following apply to you:
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Tetanus is a severe, life-threatening condition. But with proper treatment, most people recover. Most people develop symptoms about a week after the bacteria get into their body. But it can happen as quickly as two days or as long as three weeks after.
The muscle spasms from tetanus will start around where they entered your body. You’ll then develop muscle spasms in the muscles around your eyes and trouble opening your jaw. The spasms can be painful and typically spread downward to your neck and back.
Your healthcare team will prioritize keeping your airway open using intubation. Once that’s done, they’ll start treating your other symptoms. That includes making you as comfortable as possible with medications to dampen muscle spasms and manage any pain you have.
Tetanus can vary depending on many factors. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about what you’re likely to experience. They can also guide you on what you can do to help yourself as you recover. But in general, with proper treatment, the odds of survival with tetanus are good.
Rust doesn’t cause tetanus. The rust itself is a sign that an object probably carries germs, including the one that causes tetanus.
Maybe you got a deep splinter while gardening or you stepped on a rusty nail doing a project around the house. Tetanus is a risk that you can easily avoid with the right medical care. If you think you might need a tetanus booster shot, talk to your healthcare provider or visit an urgent care clinic. An urgent care facility or your primary care provider’s office can give you the booster at the same time as treating your injury.
If you have any symptoms of tetanus, go to the nearest emergency room. Tetanus can be dangerous without proper treatment. But with treatment, your odds of surviving and recovering are good.
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Last reviewed on 05/14/2025.
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