Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

What are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Angiotensin II receptor blockers are medications that treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They are also called angiotensin II receptor blockers or ARBs.

What is angiotensin II?

Angiotensin II is a protein. Your liver produces angiotensin, one type of this protein. Enzymes made by your kidneys break down this protein into angiotensin I. Your blood carries angiotensin I through the kidneys and lungs. In the lungs, enzymes convert the protein into angiotensin II.

What does angiotensin II do?

Everyone makes angiotensin II. It plays an important role in body functions. But some people produce too much of the protein due to heart disease, genetics or other issues.

An excess of angiotensin II can affect the:

• Circulatory system by narrowing (constricting) blood vessels and raising blood pressure.
• Endocrine system by stimulating the adrenal glands to make aldosterone. This hormone causes the body to keep (retain) sodium. Too much can lead to fluid retention (edema). Aldosterone also helps get rid of potassium.
• Nervous system by bringing on thirst and salt cravings. Taking in too much salt can cause fluid retention.
• Urinary system by causing the kidneys to reabsorb water, which raises blood volume and blood pressure.

What do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) treat?

Healthcare providers prescribe ARBs for:

• High blood pressure (hypertension), to lower the amount of force on the blood vessels as blood flows through the body.
• Heart attack, to prevent a heart attack or limit heart damage after an event.
• Heart failure, to help the heart pump more blood to the body.
• Stroke, to open blood vessels, allowing blood clots to move through without causing a stroke.
• Fatty liver disease, to prevent inflammation in the liver.
• Kidney disease, to slow kidney damage, especially related to diabetes.

How do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) work?

When your body has too much angiotensin, you start to retain fluids. Excess fluid retention causes your blood pressure to go up. And high blood pressure causes the blood vessels to contract or become narrow.

For this constriction to happen, angiotensin II needs another protein (called a receptor) to bind to. ARBs block these receptor proteins so the angiotensin can’t bind and constrict the blood vessel. This allows the blood vessels to relax and stay open. Blood then flows freely and without excessive force.

What are the types of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Medications that end in “-sartan” are ARBs. They include:

• Azilsartan medoxomil (Edarbi®).
• Candesartan (Atacand®).
• Eprosartan mesylate (Teveten®).
• Irbesartan (Avapro®).
• Losartan potassium (Cozaar®).
• Olmesartan (Benicar®).
• Telmisartan (Micardis®).
• Valsartan (Diovan® and Prexxartan®).

How do you take angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

ARBs are oral medications. You take the medicine once or twice a day by mouth, depending on which ARB.

How long will I need angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

High blood pressure often returns when you stop taking a medication. You may need ARBs or another blood pressure medicine for life.

What are the side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Healthcare providers often prescribe ARBs instead of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. ARBs cause fewer side effects. Both types of drugs reduce the effects of angiotensin.

The main side effect of ARBs is dizziness. In rare instances, ARBs affect blood flow to the kidneys. This problem is more likely to occur if you already have renal artery disease. You’ll have occasional blood tests to check your kidney function.

ACE inhibitors lower angiotensin production. This medicine causes more side effects like:

• Chronic cough or dry cough.
• Loss of taste.
• Skin rash.
• Kidney damage (this is rare).

Is it safe to take angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) during pregnancy?

No. Medicines that lower angiotensin levels, such as ARBs and ACE inhibitors, can cause serious complications during pregnancy. The medications increase the risk of:

• Birth defects.
• Hyperkalemia (high blood potassium).
• Kidney failure.
• Low blood pressure.
• Stillbirth.

If you have high blood pressure before pregnancy, or you develop it during pregnancy (preeclampsia), your healthcare provider will prescribe a different medicine that’s safe for you and the developing fetus.

Is it safe to take other medicines with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

When you’re taking blood pressure medicine, you should always check with your healthcare provider before taking over-the-counter medicines or supplements. Some medicines for allergies, coughs and colds, as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can increase blood pressure. This counteracts the effects of the ARBs.

ARBs may raise potassium levels. You shouldn’t take potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics with them. Potassium-sparing diuretics such as eplerenone (Inspra™) increase urination but prevent your body from eliminating excess potassium. Too much potassium can lead to hyperkalemia (high blood potassium). High potassium can cause an irregular heartbeat and other heart problems.

Should I avoid certain foods or drinks when taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

If you’re taking an ARB and following a sodium-controlled diet, you should avoid salt substitutes that contain potassium chloride.

Regular, heavy alcohol use can worsen high blood pressure. But binge drinking may lower it too much, causing you to faint. If you drink alcohol, aim for minimal to moderate consumption.