Ricin Poisoning

Ricin poisoning is an illness you get from the toxic effects of castor plant seeds. Processing those seeds is part of making castor oil. But those seeds also contain tiny amounts of ricin (pronounced “RY-sin”), a toxic protein. Chewing and swallowing castor seeds can release ricin, which may harm you.

Symptoms of ricin poisoning

Symptoms of ricin poisoning vary depending on how the toxin enters your body. And the more toxin involved, the worse the symptoms. You may notice signs and symptoms of poisoning begin within four to 12 hours after exposure. But in some cases, it can take days for symptoms to appear.

There are three main ways ricin can enter your body:

• Ingestion (eating/drinking)
• Inhalation (breathing)
• Injection

If ricin doesn’t enter your body, it may only cause superficial irritation. Ricin doesn’t absorb through skin well, so this type of exposure isn’t usually dangerous. But ricin can absorb through mucus membranes like the linings in your nose and mouth and through your eyes.

Ingestion symptoms

Castor seeds have a shell on the outside that lets them pass through your digestive system intact. Chewing the seeds breaks that coat and creates a risk of ricin poisoning.

Symptoms can start about four to six hours after you ingest them. But some of the more serious symptoms may not appear for one to three days. The symptoms include:

• Diarrhea
• Dizziness or passing out due to low blood pressure (hypotension)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blood in your vomit or poop (melena)

Inhalation symptoms

Inhaling ricin causes symptoms that start about four to eight hours later. These symptoms include:

• Chest pain
• Cough
• Fever
• Joint pain (arthralgia)
• Nausea
• Sore throat
• Trouble breathing (dyspnea)
• Wheezing

Injection symptoms

Ricin that gets into your body via injection doesn’t cause symptoms immediately. It can take up to 12 hours for you to have them. The symptoms can include:

• Blisters
• Fever
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Redness
• Swelling
• Dying tissue around the injection site (necrosis)

Ricin poisoning causes

Ricin poisoning can happen in two main ways: ingesting the seeds or exposure to processed ricin. But neither of these are common.

Castor seeds aren’t difficult to find. Castor plant farming is common around the world because its oil has many uses, especially industrial ones. It also grows in the wild on every continent except Antarctica. And castor plants are often used ornamentally in the U.S. That’s a key way children can get to and accidentally ingest the seeds. There are also reports of people chewing castor seeds to attempt suicide.

The other main way for ricin poisoning to happen is because of criminal uses. One example is using ricin to poison someone individually. Ricin also has potential for terrorist use, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists it as a potential bioweapon. But the CDC’s classification also notes that while it’s moderately easy to spread, ricin’s potential deadliness is low.

Complications of ricin poisoning

The most dangerous ricin poisoning complications usually don’t happen right away.

The main complication of ingesting ricin is organ failure. The organs this will most likely happen to are your:

• Kidneys
• Liver
• Spleen

If you inhale ricin, the severe complications start about 18 to 36 hours later. They include:

• Coughing up blood
• Fluid buildup in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
• Respiratory failure

The main complications with injected ricin are:

• Multiple organ failure
• Bleeding (hemorrhaging) in your brain, heart, lungs and intestines

No matter how ricin enters your body, death is possible if the affected dose is high enough and you don’t get proper medical care.

How doctors diagnose ricin poisoning

There are several tests that healthcare providers might use to diagnose ricin poisoning. Providers will ask questions about how your exposure happened. Lab tests, like blood and urine tests, may help with diagnosis. There are urine tests that can detect ricinine, a related toxin from the castor plant, but they aren’t usually available at most hospitals. Regional laboratories are usually the only places that can test for ricinine.

How is ricin poisoning treated?

Most treatments for ricin poisoning are supportive. They can include:

• Using a ventilator to keep you breathing
• Giving fluids through intravenous (IV) lines
• Medications to regulate your heart rhythm or blood pressure
• Using poisoning treatments like activated charcoal or stomach pumping (gastric lavage)
• Using plasma exchange to replace your plasma (which contains ricin proteins) with clean plasma

If providers think or confirm ricin poisoning, they’ll want you to stay in the hospital for at least a few days. That way, they can treat you immediately if you have any of the more dangerous delayed symptoms or complications.

The best source of information about treatments for your situation is your healthcare provider. The information they provide will be the most relevant to your specific case.

Can ricin poisoning be prevented?

The only way to prevent ricin poisoning is to not ingest the seeds. If you have pets or children, you may want to remove any existing castor plants or avoid planting them. Children shouldn’t play around castor plants without supervision.

Researchers are trying to find a vaccine against ricin. Because ricin is a protein, your body’s immune system can learn to defend against it. But this research still has a way to go before the vaccine becomes a reality.

What can I expect if I have ricin poisoning?

If you have ricin poisoning, getting emergency medical care quickly is the best way to help yourself. But there are other things you may need to do depending on how the poisoning happened. If you think your exposure was from ingestion, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) or go to the nearest emergency room.

If you think your exposure was inhaled, like from ricin powder, you should do the following:

• Try to stay calm. Move away from the area where the exposure happened. Step outside and get fresh air. Keep anyone who wasn’t exposed away from the powder. If this happens in your workplace, follow set procedures.
• Wash your hands with soap and water immediately. If your eyes or face are burning, rinse them with plenty of water, too. If you wear glasses, wash them with soap and water as well. You can put them back on after you do.
• Call your local emergency services number immediately. Tell them in detail what happened.
• Remove clothes that might be contaminated. Use scissors or shears if you can, and try not to touch any areas that might be contaminated (use gloves, if possible). Taking clothes off the regular way could dislodge more powder, putting you or others at risk for further exposure.
• Remove jewelry or accessories like contacts. Put them and your clothes into a plastic bag (a sealable one, if possible). Tie/seal that bag shut and then put the tied bag into another bag, if you can. Make sure you tell first responders what you did with this bag once they arrive.
• When first responders arrive, follow their instructions. They may try to do an onsite decontamination, removing affected clothes (if you haven't already) and rinsing you off with plenty of water. If they don’t decontaminate you onsite, you’ll go through decontamination at the hospital. Decontamination protects you and those caring for you.

Is there a cure for ricin poisoning?

No, there’s no cure for ricin poisoning yet. There is ongoing research looking for one, but it isn’t complete.

Is ricin poisoning survivable?

Yes, ricin poisoning is survivable. With proper care, about 98% of people who ingest ricin survive. There’s very little data about survival from inhaling or injection because it’s so rare for these to happen.

Can castor oil cause ricin poisoning?

No, castor oil doesn’t contain ricin after proper processing.

Castor oil has U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use as a laxative (though that use isn’t common because there are several better alternatives). There’s evidence of medicinal use of the castor plant going back thousands of years. But ancient writings also show people knew the seeds were toxic and used them carefully back then. Today, castor oil also occasionally makes the rounds on social media as a potential home remedy or miracle treatment. But experts caution that many of the touted benefits are just hype.