Epidural Hematoma

What is an epidural hematoma (EDH)?

An epidural hematoma (EDH) is a collection of blood between your skull and the dura mater, the thick membrane that covers your brain.

Your brain has three membrane layers or coverings (called meninges) that lay between your bony skull and your brain tissue. The purpose of the meninges is to cover and protect your brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost meninges.

If you have an EDH, you’ve likely had a tear in a blood vessel, usually an artery but sometimes a vein, and blood is leaking into the dura mater. The blood that leaks forms a pocket that bulges out and puts pressure on your brain. This pressure can cause more brain injury.

If bleeding occurs within the spine, it’s called a spinal EDH.

Other names for EDH are extradural hematoma, epidural hemorrhage or intracranial hematoma. More broadly, it is also a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Is an epidural hematoma (EDH) serious?

An epidural hematoma (EDH) can be a life-threatening condition. It usually requires immediate treatment or can cause brain damage or possibly death if left untreated. An EDH results in death in up to 15% of cases.

Who is at risk for an epidural hematoma (EDH)?

Although anyone who has a head injury can develop an epidural hematoma (EDH), they are more commonly seen in young people and specifically more often in those who have experienced a skull fracture. Typical head injuries occur during athletic activities (snowboarding, skateboarding, biking) and from car or motorcycle accidents. EDHs are four times more likely to happen in males than females. They rarely occur before two years of age or after age 60.

How common are epidural hematomas (EDHs)?

Epidural hematomas (EDHs) occur in up to 10% of people with head injuries. About 75% of EDHs in adults happen in the temporal area of the brain (side of your head over your ear).

What are the symptoms of an epidural hematoma (EDH)?

When a person has an epidural hematoma (EDH), they experience a brief loss of consciousness after the head trauma. This is followed by a period of alertness that may last for several hours before a loss of consciousness and brain function decline. In some people, loss of consciousness leads to coma. Keep in mind that most, but not all, people with EDH follow this symptom pattern.

Other signs and symptoms of an EDH, which occur minutes to hours after the head injury, include:

• Severe headache.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• An enlarged pupil in one eye (black center area of the eye is big).
• Confusion.
• Slurred speech.
• Dizziness.
• Weakness on one side of the body.

If left untreated and bleeding continues, brain pressure increases and symptoms can get worse. Possible symptoms at this point include:

• Seizures.
• Breathing problems.
• Loss of brain function.
• Coma.
• Death.

What causes epidural hematoma (EDH)?

An epidural hematoma (EDH) is usually caused by a head injury. A skull fracture occurs in 75% of the cases. A skull fracture that tears the middle meningeal artery is the most common source of bleeding. Occasionally, an EDH can form due to bleeding from a vein.

You can also develop an EDH from non-trauma causes. These causes include:

• Infection/abscess.
• Coagulopathy (your blood doesn’t clot as it normally should).
• Hemorrhagic tumors (tumors that cause bleeding).
• Vascular malformations (examples include arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations).

Spinal epidural hematomas are most commonly spontaneous bleeds from veins caused by coagulopathies or over-thinning of your blood from anticoagulant medications. Other causes include:

• Fracture to the bones in your vertebrae.
• Lumbar puncture, epidural anesthesia.
• Spinal arteriovenous malformations or other vascular abnormalities.
• Spinal tumors.
• Pregnancy.

How is an epidural hematoma (EDH) diagnosed?

An epidural hematoma (EDH) is diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of your head or spine. In the head, a hematoma appears as a dense mass that pushes the brain away from the skull.

An angiogram may be ordered if a non-trauma cause, like an arteriovenous malformation, is suspected.

Blood work may be taken to look for factors that may increase your bleeding risk and check for medical problems that show your blood has problems clotting.

What are the treatments for epidural hematoma (EDH)?

Epidural hematoma (EDH) usually is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Signs you need surgery include:

• Presence of a severe headache.
• Decrease in brain function.
• Hematoma that is larger than the size of a pea at its thickest point.

Without surgery to relieve pressure on your brain, permanent brain injury or death can result.

Surgery

The preferred surgery is craniotomy and hematoma evacuation. This means removing a piece of your skull and removing the blood clot, stopping any obvious sites of bleeding then putting the skull bone back in place and securing it with tiny screws.

Another surgical approach is to drill one or more holes in your skull to drain the blood. Draining the blood relieves the pressure the blood buildup causes on the brain. The drain may be left in place for several days following surgery to allow the blood to continue draining.

If you have a spinal epidural hematoma, laminectomy may be performed. During a laminectomy, a small section of bone is removed. Removing bone relieves pressure on your spinal cord and nerve roots caused by the blood clot.

No surgery/conservative treatment

Sometimes small brain bleeds that aren’t causing pressure on the brain and only cause mild symptoms can be managed without surgery. Your body can absorb a small amount of blood over time, usually a few months. If you have a small brain bleed, you’ll be closely monitored with repeat head CT scans to make sure the hematoma is healing.

Medications

After surgery, your neurologist or neurosurgeon may prescribe medications to reduce inflammation and pressure within your brain. Medications that may be prescribed include mannitol, hypertonic saline and glycerol. An antiseizure medication may also be prescribed for some time. Seizures are sometimes a complication of head injuries.

Rehabilitation therapy

If you’ve experienced brain damage, your neurologist will order the needed therapy — physical therapy, occupational therapy and/or speech therapy.

What are the complications of surgery for epidural hematoma (EDH)?

Complications from surgery include:

• Infection. Infection includes a wound infection at the incision or deeper infections including meningitis or osteomyelitis.
• Brain herniation. Increased pressure can squeeze and push brain tissue so it moves from its normal position. A brain herniation often leads to death.
• Bleeding. Bleeding may be superficial or deeper and be a repeat hematoma that requires removal again.
• Seizures. Seizures may develop even after a hematoma has been treated.
• Brain or spinal cord damage. Damage can occur and is evident by weakness, numbness and/or paralysis.
• Coma or death.

How can I prevent an epidural hematoma (EDH)?

Although it may not be possible to prevent a hematoma as a result of a motor vehicle accident, you can reduce your risk by protecting your head when it’s an option. Always wear a helmet when riding a bike or a motorcycle or when skateboarding or snowboarding. Don’t dive into water that is not 100% free from rocks. If you play high-impact or contact sports, always wear appropriate headgear. Use safety gear if you work off the ground or at a job with a high risk of head injury. Always wear your seatbelt.

What outcome can I expect if I have an epidural hematoma (EDH)?

The outcome of epidural hematoma (EDH) varies greatly from person to person. Factors that affect outcome include:

• Your level of consciousness immediately after the head injury and upon hospital arrival.
• The amount of time that has passed between the injury and treatment.
• Your eye (pupil) response/eye movement, verbal response (ability to talk, make sense), physical response (follow commands to move, have normal muscle movements and reactions).
• Your age.

In general, if you have a typical EDP, your prognosis is good if the hematoma is discovered quickly and removed and you haven’t slipped into a coma. EDHs caused by a bleeding artery develop rapidly and can be found quickly. EDHs caused by a tear in a vein develop more slowly, which can delay finding and treating them. The larger the size of the hematoma, the lower the odds of a good outcome.

When should I get emergency medical assistance if I or a loved one has a head injury?

All blows to the head should be considered a serious event. If you or a loved one hit your head, get it checked at a hospital.

If you or someone you know has any of the following symptoms after a head injury, call 911 or seek medical attention immediately.

• Loss of consciousness (friend or witness needs to call 911).
• Severe headache.
• Slurred speech.
• Confusion.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Change in alertness/drowsiness.
• Enlarged pupil or pupils that aren’t the same size.
• Dizziness.
• Double vision.
• Weakness or numbness in any part of the body.
• Seizures.

A note from Cleveland Clinic
An epidural hematoma (EDH) usually develops under a fractured area of your skull. This is a very serious, potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical care. Your outcome is most promising if you are diagnosed quickly and treated. If the hematoma is large, surgery drains the blood, removes the hematoma, stops any bleeding and relieves the pressure on your brain. If the hematoma is small and you don’t have symptoms, you may not need surgery. Instead, you’ll be closely monitored with CT scans. The best advice for preventing EDHs from occurring in the first place is to wear protective headgear when work or leisure activities place your head at risk for head trauma and serious injury. Also, always wear your seatbelt in your vehicle.

What’s the difference between an epidural hematoma (EDH) and a subdural hematoma?

There are several differences, including:

• Location: An epidural hematoma (EDH) occurs between your skull and the outermost layer of meninges, the dura mater. A subdural hematoma occurs in the space between the dura mater and the second meninges layer, the arachnoid layer.
• Ease of diagnosis: EDHs are usually easier to diagnosis in that they are sudden and obvious and typically associated with a head fracture. Subdural hemorrhages are more difficult to identify because they may not be evident after the first or single blow to the head.
• Prevalence: Subdural hematomas are more common than EDHs.
• Death rate: The death rate is significantly higher if you have a subdural hematoma.