Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causes your prostate to increase in size. It’s the most common prostate problem in men and people assigned male at birth, affecting almost all of them as they age. Symptoms include difficulty peeing and a sudden need to pee. Treatment includes medications, surgery and minimally invasive procedures.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which your prostate grows in size.
Your prostate is a gland that rests below your bladder and in front of your rectum. It’s about the size of a walnut, and it surrounds part of your urethra.
Your urethra is a tube that carries urine (pee) and sperm (ejaculate) out of your body.
If your prostate grows in size, it can prevent pee and ejaculate from passing through your urethra.
BPH isn’t cancerous. However, symptoms of BPH may indicate more serious conditions, including prostate cancer.
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Research shows that having BPH doesn’t increase your risk of developing prostate cancer. However, BPH and prostate cancer have similar symptoms. If you have BPH, you may have undetected prostate cancer at the same time.
To help detect prostate cancer in its early stages, every person with a prostate should get a prostate screening every year between the ages of 55 and 69. You have an increased risk of getting prostate cancer if you’re Black or have a family history of prostate cancer. If you have an increased risk of prostate cancer, you should start getting prostate screenings at age 40.
BPH is the most common prostate problem in people assigned male at birth (AMAB). Almost all people with a prostate will develop some enlargement in their prostates as they grow older.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common.
By age 60, about 50% of people with a prostate will have some signs of BPH. By age 85, about 90% will have signs of the condition.
About half of all people with BPH will develop symptoms that require treatment.
Your prostate surrounds your urethra. When BPH causes your prostate to grow, it can cause blockage in your urethra. As a result, early symptoms of BPH include:
Without treatment, BPH can cause further blockage in your urethra, and your symptoms may worsen. It may also cause:
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Healthcare providers and medical researchers aren’t sure what causes BPH.
One theory is that, as you age, the amount of testosterone in your body decreases (low testosterone). At the same time, your estrogen levels remain the same. These hormone changes may cause your prostate cells to grow. However, people who take supplemental testosterone may develop or worsen BPH.
Older people AMAB also have higher levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is a more potent form of testosterone that increases the size of your prostate.
No, BPH isn’t contagious. You can’t spread BPH to another person.
If your healthcare provider suspects you have BPH, they may refer you to a urologist. A urologist is a doctor who specializes in treating conditions that affect your urinary system.
Your healthcare provider will review your medical history, ask you questions and perform a physical examination. Part of the physical exam involves a digital rectal exam.
During a digital rectal exam, your healthcare provider will carefully insert their gloved digit (finger) into your rectum. They’ll feel the edges and surface of your prostate, estimate the size of your prostate and detect any hard areas that could be cancer.
Your healthcare provider may also order:
There isn’t a cure for BPH. However, treatment options are available to help alleviate your symptoms.
If you have mild symptoms, you may not require any treatment. Your healthcare provider may recommend a “watchful waiting” approach in which you schedule regular appointments to ensure your BPH doesn’t get any worse.
Treatment options include:
The most commonly prescribed medications relax the muscle in your prostate, which reduces tension on your urethra. Examples include:
Some medications decrease the production of the hormone DHT, which can slow the growth of your prostate gland. These medications are most beneficial to people with larger prostates. Examples include:
Your healthcare provider may prescribe combined medications that help treat your symptoms as well as improve your urine flow. One example is dutasteride and tamsulosin (Jalyn®).
After you start a medication, it may take between one and eight weeks for your symptoms to improve.
Several different types of surgery can remove prostate tissue that blocks your urethra. These include:
After a surgical procedure, you should be able to resume normal activities within a few days or a week.
New BPH treatments are less invasive and damaging to healthy tissue than surgery. In general, most of these treatments are outpatient procedures, which means you can go home the same day as the procedure. They’re also cheaper, have fewer side effects and allow for a faster recovery. However, because these techniques are new, there isn’t much information about their long-term effects or complications.
Examples of minimally invasive treatments include:
The most common side effects of these treatments include peeing more than normal and discomfort or irritation while your prostate heals.
After a minimally invasive procedure, you should be able to return to your normal activities in a few days. You should see improvements in your symptoms within three to six weeks.
TURP is the most effective treatment for most cases of BPH.
However, in adults 65 and older, medications and minimally invasive treatments are preferable. Older patients may have more complications and a longer recovery time after surgery.
Fruits, vegetables and healthy fats may benefit your prostate health. Consider following the Mediterranean diet or incorporating more of the following in your meals:
A poor diet may worsen your BPH. If you have BPH, it’s a good idea to avoid processed foods, sugars and large amounts of carbohydrates, as well as:
In some people with mild BPH, their symptoms went away without treatment. If your symptoms don’t go away during a watchful waiting approach, you and your healthcare provider should start discussing treatment options.
The best ways to reduce your risk of developing BPH are to make lifestyle changes that improve your prostate and heart health and take supplements.
Exercising at least 30 minutes each day may help prevent BPH or slow prostate growth. Maintaining normal cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar levels is also important.
The following herbal supplements may also help reduce your risk of developing BPH:
Talk to your healthcare provider before taking any new supplements. They may adversely react to other supplements or medications you’re currently taking.
The outlook for people with BPH is very good. BPH doesn’t have a cure, but treatments can help alleviate your symptoms. Mild symptoms may not require treatment. Medications, surgery and minimally invasive treatments can treat more severe cases.
If you have any of the following symptoms, call your healthcare provider right away:
Questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider include:
Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer that develops in your prostate gland. Early-stage prostate cancer rarely causes symptoms. However, as it progresses, it shares many of the same symptoms as BPH. These symptoms include a weak urine flow, pain when ejaculating or peeing and frequent urges to pee. Prostate cancer may spread to your bones, lymph nodes or other parts of your body. Treatment options include radiation therapy and surgery.
BPH symptoms are similar to prostate cancer symptoms. However, BPH isn’t cancer, and it doesn’t increase your risk of developing cancer. It won’t spread to other parts of your body. Treatment options include medicines, surgery and minimally invasive procedures.
BPH is the name of a condition that causes your prostate to increase in size.
Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) is a term that healthcare providers use to describe the increased size of your prostate gland due to BPH.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a very common condition that affects people assigned male at birth (AMAB). BPH usually develops around the age of 55. If you have mild BPH, you and your healthcare provider may choose to monitor your symptoms through regular appointments. If BPH affects your quality of life, treatments can help shrink your prostate.
Talk to your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of BPH. Together, you can discuss the best course of action.
Last reviewed on 01/18/2024.
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Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy