Developmental Language Disorder

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a communication disorder that affects how you learn, understand and use language. These difficulties aren’t explained by hearing loss, autism or limited exposure to language. Instead, DLD is caused by brain differences that affect language development.

DLD is one of the most common developmental disorders, affecting about 7% of children in the U.S. That means, in a typical classroom of 28 kids, two may have DLD. Because the signs aren’t always obvious, it’s often called a “hidden condition.”

Developmental language disorders are lifelong conditions. But with the right support and treatment, children can continue building their language skills over time.

What are the symptoms of developmental language disorder?

Most children with DLD are diagnosed around age 5. The condition affects both understanding and using language. Symptoms can vary, but common signs include:

• Difficulty answering questions
• Trouble following directions
• Challenges expressing ideas clearly
• Struggling to find the right words (words may feel “on the tip of the tongue”)
• Trouble learning new words
• Difficulty telling stories in a clear, organized way
• Problems relating to peers
• Discomfort in social situations
• Trouble paying attention

DLD doesn’t only affect children. Adults with DLD may experience:

• Challenges with figurative language (like idioms or metaphors)
• Difficulty understanding what they read
• Trouble using complex sentences

People with DLD are also four times more likely to have trouble solving math problems.

Developmental language disorder causes

Usually, DLD doesn’t have a clear cause. But certain risk factors can increase the chances of your child developing it. These include:

• Environment: Children with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, or those born early or at a low birth weight, may have a higher risk.
• Genetics: DLD is more likely if a close family member with the condition (like a parent, sibling or grandparent) has it. Sometimes, a random gene change can also play a role.
• Other developmental conditions: Conditions like dyslexia or autism can affect how your child learns language. When DLD occurs with these conditions, it’s called “language disorder associated with dyslexia” or “language disorder associated with autism spectrum disorder.”

Complications of this condition

DLD doesn’t just impact language. It can also affect your child’s learning, emotions and social life. Kids with DLD may:

• Avoid social situations because they feel awkward or embarrassed
• Have trouble making or keeping friends
• Struggle in school

They may also have other conditions, like dyslexia, dysgraphia, ADHD or hearing loss, which can add to these challenges.

If you notice any issues, talk to your child’s pediatrician. Early support is best. But it’s never too late to get help.

How doctors diagnose DLD

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) will check how your child understands and uses language. During the evaluation, they may:

• Ask your child questions about their daily life.
• Check their vision and hearing.
• Give written or spoken language tests.
• Talk with parents, caregivers, guardians or teachers.
• Watch how your child acts in social settings.

How is developmental language disorder treated?

Children with DLD usually work with a speech-language pathologist. Treatment depends on your child’s specific needs, but it can help them:

• Build social skills
• Better understand language
• Improve reading, speaking and writing
• Organize their thoughts and ideas
• Follow directions more easily

Many children with DLD also qualify for school-based support. An SLP can help your family access services like:

• An Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
• In-school therapy (speech, physical, occupational or behavioral)
• One-on-one support from a personal aide

When should my child see a healthcare provider?

If you think your child might have DLD, ask your healthcare provider for a referral to a speech-language pathologist. Early intervention is best. An SLP can explain key developmental milestones and create a treatment plan tailored to your child’s needs.

What’s the outlook for people with this disorder?

DLD can bring lifelong challenges, but with the right support, children can build strong communication skills. Starting treatment early is best. But help at any age can still make a big difference. Without treatment, DLD may lead to more difficulties in school, relationships and emotional well-being.