Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Overview
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It’s a bulge in the main artery that supplies blood to your belly, pelvis and legs. The aneurysm is a weak spot in the blood vessel wall, at risk for rupturing (breaking open) and causing a hemorrhage (severe bleeding). Sometimes people call AAA a stomach aneurysm.
What is the aorta?
Your aorta is the large artery at the end of your heart’s aortic valve. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from your heart to the rest of your body. It travels through your chest, where it’s called the thoracic aorta, and into your abdomen, where it’s called the abdominal aorta. From there, it splits into separate arteries that take blood to your legs and feet.
Who gets abdominal aortic aneurysms?
White men over 65 are the most likely to get AAA. Additional risk factors include:
- Smoking (90% of people with AAA have a history of smoking, so you’re still at risk even if you’ve quit).
- Being a woman over 70.
- Personal history of an aneurysm in another site, especially in your lower extremities.
- Family history of AAA (if a parent or sibling has had an AAA, you’re twice as likely to develop the condition).
- High blood pressure.
- High cholesterol.
- Obesity.
How common are abdominal aortic aneurysms?
AAA is a common condition. Healthcare providers diagnose about 200,000 people in the U.S. with the condition each year. It’s the 10th leading cause of death in men over 55.
Symptoms and Causes
What causes an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
The following diseases can damage your blood vessel walls or cause weak spots where aneurysms might develop:
- Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup inside your arteries).
- Cardiovascular disease.
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD).
- Traumatic injuries that cause tears in the artery wall.
- Tobacco use causes loss of structural proteins in the artery wall, leading to reduced wall strength.
- Vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation).
Research suggests AAA may also relate to genes you inherit from your parents. Some genetic diseases that affect connective tissues, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers Danlos type IV, can also cause blood vessel weakness or damage. These conditions more commonly affect the aorta in the chest but also the abdominal aorta.
What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Most people with AAA don’t have any symptoms until the aneurysm is close to rupturing. You may experience:
- Back, leg or abdominal pain that doesn’t go away.
- Pulsing sensation in your belly, like a heartbeat.
Signs of a ruptured AAA, which is a medical emergency, can include:
- Clammy, sweaty skin.
- Dizziness.
- Fainting.
- Fast heartbeat.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Shortness of breath.
- Sudden, severe pain in your belly, lower back or legs.
Diagnosis and Tests
How are they diagnosed?
Since AAAs don’t usually cause symptoms, healthcare providers often diagnose unruptured AAAs when they’re performing exams or tests for other health conditions. The following imaging exams may reveal an AAA:
- Abdominal ultrasound: An ultrasound is a quick, painless test that uses sound waves to create real-time images of the inside of your belly. Your healthcare provider may be able to see an aneurysm on an abdominal ultrasound.
- Computed tomography angiography (CTA): Your healthcare provider may do a CTA if they see an aneurysm on your ultrasound. You receive an injection of a contrast dye before a CT scan. Angiography helps your provider see the exact location, size and severity of the aneurysm.
Management and Treatment
How are abdominal aortic aneurysms treated?
Treatment depends on the size of the aneurysm. Aneurysms that are less than five centimeters in diameter have a low risk of rupturing and may not need treatment right away. Your healthcare provider may recommend “watchful waiting,” which includes:
- Getting ultrasounds every few months to make sure the aneurysm isn’t getting bigger.
- Making lifestyle adjustments, such as exercising, not smoking, eating a healthy diet, avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy weight.
- Taking medication to lower your blood pressure.
No known medication, supplement or other treatment can shrink an aneurysm once it has formed. The goal of the measures above is to keep your aneurysm from growing and identify which people have a high risk of rupture, meaning they would benefit from surgery to treat their AAA.
Surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm
Aneurysms that are larger than five centimeters across or that show signs of rupturing need surgery. Depending on the size, location and complexity of your aneurysm, your healthcare provider may recommend:
- Open surgery: A surgeon makes an incision in your belly to gain access to your abdominal aorta. They sew a graft (tube made of a strong, synthetic material) onto the bulging section of the aorta. The graft reinforces the aneurysm to prevent a rupture. After open surgery, you stay in the hospital between four and 10 days. It can take several months to recover.
- Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR): EVAR is a minimally invasive aneurysm repair surgery. A surgeon makes a small incision in your groin and inserts a catheter (thin, flexible tube) into an artery. With X-ray guidance, they thread the catheter up to the location of the aneurysm. The catheter contains an expandable stent that opens up inside your aorta to reinforce the aneurysm and prevent a rupture. After EVAR, you stay in the hospital for about three days. Recovery is shorter than that of open surgery.
After either type of aneurysm repair, it’s critical that you continue to follow up with your provider for surveillance of your repaired aorta. This again can be done with ultrasound or CT.
What are the risks of surgery?
Minimally invasive surgery has a lower chance of complications than open surgery, but risks still include:
- Bleeding.
- Infection.
- Pain.
- Reaction to anesthesia.
Prevention
How can I prevent abdominal aortic aneurysms?
Sometimes you can’t prevent AAA, especially if you have a family history of the condition. But you can talk to your doctor right away if you experience any symptoms. Early detection and the right treatment may prevent the aneurysm from getting larger or rupturing.
You can also control many of the risk factors by:
- Stopping smoking.
- Exercising and eating a healthy diet.
- Managing your weight, blood pressure and cholesterol.
- Avoiding drinking too much alcohol.
Is there a screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms?
If you’re at a high risk for AAA, talk to your doctor about an ultrasound screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that male smokers (or former smokers) between the ages of 65 and 75 get this one-time screening.
Outlook / Prognosis
What’s the prognosis (outlook) for people with abdominal aortic aneurysms?
The outlook is poor for people with AAAs that rupture. Nearly 90% of people don’t make it to the hospital alive. The large majority of people who visit their providers with a ruptured AAA didn’t know that they had an aneurysm, and may delay medical care due to thinking their symptoms are from something else.
Studies show that about 70% of people who have surgery before their aneurysm ruptures live at least another five years. There doesn’t seem to be any difference in survival rates between people who received open surgery instead of endovascular surgery.
The prognosis is good for people with small AAAs detected on screening, especially if they improve their cardiovascular health risk factors. In particular, continued smoking is associated with aneurysm expansion.
Living With
What questions should I ask my doctor if I have an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
You may want to ask your doctor:
- How big is the aneurysm?
- How can I reduce my risk of an aneurysm rupture?
- Is the aneurysm getting larger? If so, how quickly is it growing?
- What are the chances that the aneurysm will rupture?
A note from Cleveland Clinic
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It develops when the wall of the main artery in your body develops a weak spot and bulges outward. If it ruptures, you can have massive internal bleeding. It’s essential to find aneurysms before they rupture. Ask your doctor if you’re a candidate for AAA screening and report any signs or symptoms right away.
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