Adult soft tissue sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the soft
tissues of the body.
The soft tissues of the body include the muscles,
tendons (bands of fiber that connect muscles to bones), fat, blood vessels,
lymph vessels, nerves, and tissues around joints. Adult soft tissue sarcomas can
form almost anywhere in the body, but are most common in the legs, abdomen,
arms, and trunk.
There are many types of soft tissue sarcoma. One type
that forms in the wall of the stomach, intestines, or rectum is called a
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The cells of each type of sarcoma look
different under a microscope, based on the type of soft tissue in which the
cancer began.
Having certain inherited disorders can increase the
risk of developing adult soft tissue sarcoma.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease
is called a risk factor. Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include the
following inherited disorders:
- Retinoblastoma.
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease or NF1).
- Tuberous sclerosis.
- Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
- Werner syndrome.
- Basal cell nevus syndrome.
Other risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include past treatment with radiation therapy
during childhood or for the following types of cancer:
- Retinoblastoma.
- Breast cancer.
- Lymphoma.
- Cervical cancer.
Possible signs of adult soft tissue sarcoma include a
lump or swelling in soft tissue of the body.
A sarcoma may appear as a painless lump under the
skin, often on an arm or a leg. Sarcomas that begin in the abdomen may not cause
symptoms until they become very large. As the sarcoma grows larger and presses
on nearby organs, nerves, muscles, or blood vessels, symptoms may include:
Other conditions may cause the same symptoms that soft
tissue sarcomas do. A doctor should be consulted if any of these problems occur.
Adult soft tissue sarcoma is diagnosed with a biopsy.
If a soft tissue sarcoma is suspected, a biopsy will
be done. The type of biopsy that is done will be based on the size and location
of the tumor. There are two types of biopsy that may be used:
- Incisional biopsy: The removal of part of a lump or a sample of tissue.
- Core biopsy: The removal of tissue using a wide needle.
Samples will be taken from the primary tumor, lymph
nodes, and other suspicious areas. A pathologist views the tissue under a
microscope to look for cancer cells and to find out the grade of the tumor. The
grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a
microscope and how quickly the cells are dividing. High-grade tumors usually
grow and spread more quickly than low-grade tumors. Because soft tissue sarcoma
can be hard to diagnose, patients should ask to have biopsy samples checked by a
pathologist who has experience in diagnosing soft tissue sarcoma.
Certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery).
The treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery) depend on the following:
- The type of soft tissue sarcoma.
- The size, grade, and stage of the tumor.
- Where the tumor is in the body.
- Whether the entire tumor is removed by surgery.
- The patient's age and general health.
- Whether the cancer has recurred (come back).
Stages of Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
After adult soft tissue sarcoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer
cells have spread within the soft tissue or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread
within the soft tissue or to other parts of the body is called staging. Staging
of soft tissue sarcoma is also based on the grade and size of the tumor, whether
it is superficial (close to the skin's surface) or deep, and whether it has
spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The information gathered
from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to
know the stage in order to plan treatment.
The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
- Physical exam and history: An exam of the body
to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease,
such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the
patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be
taken.
- X-rays: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that
can go through the body onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.
- Laboratory tests: Medical procedures that test
samples of tissue, blood, urine, or other substances in the body. These
tests help to diagnose disease, plan and check treatment, or monitor the
disease over time.
- CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a
series of detailed pictures of areas inside of the body, taken from
different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray
machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs
or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed
tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure
that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed
pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear
magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
The results of these tests are viewed together with the results of the tumor biopsies
to determine the stage of the soft tissue sarcoma.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
- Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
- Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and
travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
- Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and
travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph
or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor.
For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually
breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
Stage I
In stage I, the tumor is any size, low-grade (likely to grow and spread
slowly), and may be either superficial (close to the skin's surface) or deep.
Stage II
In stage II, the tumor is high-grade (likely to grow and spread quickly) and either:
- 5 centimeters or smaller and can be superficial (close to the skin's
surface) or deep; or
- larger than 5 centimeters and superficial.
Stage III
In stage III, the tumor is high-grade, larger than 5 centimeters, and deep.
Stage IV
In stage IV, the tumor is any size, any grade, and has spread to nearby
lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
Recurrent Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Recurrent adult soft tissue sarcoma is cancer that has
recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the
same soft tissue or in other parts of the body.
Treatment Option Overview
There are different types of treatment for patients
with adult soft tissue sarcoma.
Different types of treatments are available for
patients with adult soft tissue sarcoma. Some treatments are standard (the
currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A
treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current
treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer.
When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard
treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may
want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are
open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Three types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment for adult soft
tissue sarcoma. For some soft-tissue sarcomas, removal of the tumor in surgery
may be the only treatment needed. The following surgical procedures may be used:
- Mohs microsurgery: A procedure in which the
tumor is cut from the skin in thin layers. During surgery, the edges of the
tumor and each layer of tumor removed are viewed through a microscope to
check for cancer cells. Layers continue to be removed until no more cancer
cells are seen. This type of surgery removes as little normal tissue as
possible and is often used where appearance is important, such as on the skin.
- Wide local excision: Removal of the tumor
along with some normal tissue around it.
- Limb-sparing surgery: Removal of the tumor in
an arm or leg without amputation, so the use and appearance of the limb is
saved. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be given first to shrink the
tumor. The tumor is then removed in a wide local excision. Tissue and bone
that are removed may be replaced with a graft using tissue and bone taken
from another part of the patient's body, or with an implant such as
artificial bone.
- Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a
limb or appendage, such as an arm or leg.
- Lymphadenectomy: Removal of the lymph nodes
that contain cancer.
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be given
before or after surgery to remove the tumor.
When given before surgery, radiation therapy or
chemotherapy will make the tumor smaller and reduce the amount of tissue that
needs to be removed during surgery. Treatment given before surgery is called
neoadjuvant therapy. When given after surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy
will kill any remaining cancer cells. Treatment given after the surgery, to
lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses
high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them
from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation
therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.
Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles,
seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The
way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer
being treated.
Fast neutron radiation therapy is a type of high-energy external radiation therapy.
A radiation therapy machine aims tiny, invisible particles, called neutrons, at the cancer
cells to kill them. Fast neutron radiation therapy uses a higher-energy radiation than the
x-ray type of radiation therapy. This allows the same amount of radiation to be given in fewer
treatments.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to
stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them
from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or
muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout
the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the
spinal column, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly
affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the
chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
This section describes treatments that are being
studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being
studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a
method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood -forming cells
destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed
from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and
stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed
and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells
grow into (and restore) the body's blood cells.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses
drugs or other substances to find and attack specific cancer cells without
harming normal cells. Imatinib (Gleevec) is a type of targeted therapy called a
tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It finds and blocks an abnormal protein on cancer
cells that causes them to divide and grow. Targeted therapy may be used for
gastrointestinal stromal tumors that cannot be removed by surgery or that have
spread to other parts of the body.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may
be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research
process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe
and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials.
Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among
the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help
improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials
do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions
and help move research forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or
after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have
not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose
cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways
to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the
cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will
be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about
whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of
these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time
to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your
condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are
sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
Treatment Options for Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
For some types or stages of cancer, there may not be
any trials listed. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not
listed here but may be right for you.
Stage I Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Treatment of stage I adult soft tissue sarcoma may include the following:
- Surgery (wide local excision or Mohs microsurgery).
- Radiation therapy before and/or after surgery.
If cancer is found in the head, neck, abdomen, or chest, treatment may include the following:
- Surgery.
- Radiation therapy before or after surgery.
- Fast neutron radiation therapy.
Stage II and III Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Treatment of stage II and III adult soft tissue sarcoma may include the following:
- Surgery (wide local excision).
- Surgery (wide local excision) with radiation therapy, for large tumors.
- High-dose radiation therapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery.
- Radiation therapy or chemotherapy before limb-sparing surgery. Radiation
therapy may also be given after surgery.
- A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy, for large tumors.
Stage IV Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Treatment of stage IV adult soft tissue sarcoma that involves lymph nodes
may include the following:
- Surgery (wide local excision) with or without lymphadenectomy. Radiation
therapy may also be given after surgery.
- Radiation therapy before and after surgery.
- A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy.
- A clinical trial of targeted therapy (Gleevec) for gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Treatment of stage IV adult soft tissue sarcoma that involves internal organs of the body
may include the following:
- Surgery (wide local excision).
- Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy.
- High-dose radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, for tumors
that cannot be removed by surgery.
- Chemotherapy with 1 or more anticancer drugs, before surgery or as
palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplant.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy following surgery to remove cancer that
has spread to the lungs.
- A clinical trial of targeted therapy (Gleevec) for gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
These treatments may be followed by surgery to remove lesions on the lungs.
Treatment Options for Recurrent Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Treatment of recurrent adult soft tissue sarcoma may include the following:
- Surgery (wide local excision) with radiation therapy before or after surgery.
- Surgery (amputation).
- Radiation therapy followed by limb-sparing surgery.
- Surgery to remove cancer that has recurred in the lungs.
- Chemotherapy with 1 or more anticancer drugs.
- A clinical trial of new anticancer drugs.
- A clinical trial of high-dose chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplant.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer
Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with adult soft tissue
sarcoma. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search
features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name
of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:
NCI Public Inquiries Office
Suite 3036A
6116 Executive Boulevard, MSC8322
Bethesda, MD 20892-8322
U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's
(NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)
Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Deaf and hard-of-hearing
callers with TTY equipment may call 1-800-332-8615. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Source: National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute
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This information is provided by the Cleveland Clinic and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition. This document was last reviewed on: 9/10/2009...#6236
